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6. Process or Product Monitoring and Control
6.6. Case Studies in Process Monitoring
6.6.2. Aerosol Particle Size

6.6.2.3.

Model Estimation

AR(2) Model Parameter Estimates The following parameter estimates were computed for the AR(2) model based on the differenced data.

  
             Parameter  Standard    95 % Confidence
Source        Estimate    Error         Interval
------       ---------  --------   ----------------
Intercept     -0.0050     0.0119 
AR1           -0.4064     0.0419   (-0.4884, -0.3243)
AR2           -0.1649     0.0419   (-0.2469, -0.0829)
 
Number of Observations:                 558
Degrees of Freedom:           558 - 3 = 555  
Residual Standard Deviation:         0.4423

Both AR parameters are significant since the confidence intervals do not contain zero.

The model for the differenced data, \(Y_t\), is an AR(2) model, $$ Y_{t} = -0.4064 Y_{t-1} - 0.1649 Y_{t-2} - 0.0050 \, , $$ with \(\sigma = 0.4423\).

It is often more convenient to express the model in terms of the original data, \(X_t\), rather than the differenced data. From the definition of the difference, \(Y_t = X_t - X_{t-1}\), we can make the appropriate substitutions into the above equation, $$ X_{t} - X_{t-1} = -0.4064 (X_{t-1} - X_{t-2}) - 0.1649 (X_{t-2} - X_{t-3}) - 0.0050 \, , $$ to arrive at the model in terms of the original series, $$ X_{t} = 0.5936 X_{t-1} + 0.2415 X_{t-2} + 0.1649 X_{t-3} - 0.0050 \, . $$

MA(1) Model Parameter Estimates Alternatively, the parameter estimates for an MA(1) model based on the differenced data are the following.

             Parameter  Standard    95 % Confidence
Source        Estimate    Error         Interval
------       ---------  --------   ----------------
Intercept     -0.0051     0.0114 
MA1           -0.3921     0.0366   (-0.4638, -0.3205)
 
Number of Observations:                 558
Degrees of Freedom:           558 - 2 = 556  
Residual Standard Deviation:         0.4434

The model for the differenced data, \(Y_t\), is an ARIMA(0,1,1) model, $$ Y_{t} = a_{t} - 0.3921 a_{t-1} - 0.0051 \, , $$ with \(\sigma = 0.4434\).

It is often more convenient to express the model in terms of the original data, \(X_t\), rather than the differenced data. Making the appropriate substitutions into the above equation, $$ X_{t} - X_{t-1} = a_{t} - 0.3921 a_{t-1} - 0.0051 \, , $$ we arrive at the model in terms of the original series, $$ X_{t} = X_{t-1} + a_{t} - 0.3921 a_{t-1} - 0.0051 \, . $$

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