Dataplot Vol 2 Vol 1

# HEDGES G

Name:
HEDGES G (LET)
BIAS CORRECTED HEDGES G (LET)
COHENS D (LET)
GLASS G (LET)
Type:
Let Subcommand
Purpose:
Compute the Hedge's g (or the bias corrected Hedge's g) statistic for two response variables.
Description:
The Hedge's g statistic is used to measure the effect size for the difference between means. The formula is

$$g = \frac{\bar{y}_{1} - \bar{y}_{2}} {s_{p}}$$

with $$\bar{y}_{1}$$, $$\bar{y}_{2}$$, and $$s_{p}$$ denoting the mean of sample 1, the mean of sample 2, and the pooled standard deviation, respectively.

The formula for the pooled standard deviation is

$$s_{p} = \sqrt{\frac{(n_{1} - 1) s_{1}^{2} + (n_{2} - 1) s_{2}^{2}} {(n_{1} - 1) + (n_{2} - 1)}}$$

with $$s_{1}$$ and $$n_{1}$$ denoting the standard deviation and number of observations for sample 1, respectively, and $$s_{2}$$ and $$n_{2}$$ denoting the standard deviation and number of observations for sample 2, respectively.

The Hedge's g statistic expresses the difference of the means in units of the pooled standard deviation.

For small samples, the following bias correction is recommended

$$\frac{n-3}{n-2.25} \sqrt{\frac{n-2}{n}}$$

where $$n = n_{1} + n_{2}$$. This bias correction is typically recommended when n < 50.

Hedge's g is similar to the Cohen's d statistic and the Glass g statistic. The difference is what is used for the estimate of the pooled standard deviation. The Hedge's g uses a sample size weighted pooled standard deviation while Cohen's d uses

$$s_{p} = \sqrt{\frac{s_{1}^{2} + s_{2}^{2}} {2}}$$

These statistic are typically used to compare an experimental sample to a control sample. The Glass g statistic uses the standard deviation of the control sample rather than the pooled standard deviation. His argument for this is that experimental samples with very different standard deviations can result in significant differences in the g statistic for equivalent differences in the mean. So the Glass g statistic measures the difference in means in units of the control sample standard deviation.

Hedge's g, Cohen's d, and Glass's g are interpreted in the same way. Cohen recommended the following rule of thumb

 0.2 => small effect 0.5 => medium effect 0.8 => large effect

However, Cohen did suggest caution for this rule of thumb as the meaning of small, medium and large may vary depending on the context of a particular study.

The Hedge's g statistic is generally preferred to Cohen's d statistic. It has better small sample properties and has better propoerties when the sample sizes are signigicantly different. For large samples where $$n_{1}$$ and $$n_{2}$$ are similar, the two statistics should be almost the same. The Glass g statistic may be preferred when the standard deviations are quite different.

In many cases, there are multiple experimental groups being compared to the control. This could be either a separate control sample for each experiment (e.g., we are comparing effect sizes from different experiments) or a common control (e.g., different laboratories are measuring identical material and are being compared to a reference measurement). In these cases, you can compute the Hedge's g (or Glass's g or Cohen's d) for each experiment relative to its control group. You can then obtain an "overall" value of the statistic by averaging these individual statistics.

Syntax 1:
LET <par> = HEDGES G <y1> <y2>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y1> is the first response variable;
<y2> is the second response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed Hedge's g statistic is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.

This syntax computes Hedge's g statistic without the bias correction.

Syntax 2:
LET <par> = BIAS CORRECTED HEDGES G <y1> <y2>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y1> is the first response variable;
<y2> is the second response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed bias corrected Hedge's g statistic is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.

This syntax computes the Hedge's g statistic with the bias correction.

Syntax 3:
LET <par> = GLASS G <y1> <y2>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y1> is the first response variable;
<y2> is the second response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed Glass's g statistic is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.

This syntax computes Glass's g statistic.

The <y2> variable will be treated as the "control" sample. That is, the standard deviation of <y2> will be used as the pooled standard deviation.

Syntax 4:
LET <par> = COHEN D <y1> <y2>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y1> is the first response variable;
<y2> is the second response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed Cohen's d statistic is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.

This syntax computes Cohen's d statistic.

Examples:
LET A = HEDGES G Y1 Y2
LET A = BIAS CORRECTED HEDGES G Y1 Y2
LET A = BIAS CORRECTED HEDGES G Y1 Y2 SUBSET Y1 > 0
LET A = GLASS G Y1 Y2
LET A = COHENS D Y1 Y2
Note:
This statistic can be used in a large number of plots and commands. For details, enter

Default:
None
Synonyms:
None
Related Commands:
 MEAN = Compute the mean. STANDARD DEVIATION = Compute the standard deviation. DIFFERENCE OF MEANS = Compute the difference of means. BLAND ALTMAN PLOT = Generate a Bland Altman plot. BIHISTOGRAM = Generate a bi-histogram plot. QUANTILE QAUNTILE PLOT = Generate a quantile-quantile plot.
Applications:
Data Analysis
Implementation Date:
2017/07
Program:

SKIP 25
READ IRIS.DAT Y1 TO Y4 X
.
LET A = HEDGES G Y1 Y2
TABULATE HEDGES G Y1 Y2 X
.
LABEL CASE ASIS
TITLE CASE ASIS
Y1LABEL Hedge's G Statistic
X1LABEL Group
TITLE Hedge's G Statistic for IRIS.DAT
X1TIC MARK OFFSET 0.5 0.5
TIC MARK OFFSET UNITS DATA
CHAR X
LINE BLANK
HEDGES G PLOT Y1 Y2 X
.
Y1LABEL Hedge's G Statistic
X1LABEL Group
TITLE Bootstrap of Hedge's G Statistic for IRIS.DAT
CHAR X ALL
LINE BLANK ALL
BOOTSTRAP SAMPLES 1000
BOOTSTRAP HEDGES G PLOT Y1 Y2 X

The following output is generated
            Cross Tabulate HEDGES G

(Response Variables: Y1       Y2      )
---------------------------------------------
X          |          HEDGES G
---------------------------------------------
0.1000000E+01   |     0.4311260E+01
0.2000000E+01   |     0.7412040E+01
0.3000000E+01   |     0.7168413E+01

            Bootstrap Analysis for the HEDGES G

Response Variable One: Y1
Response Variable Two: Y2
Group ID Variable One (X       ):          1.000000

Number of Bootstrap Samples:             1000
Number of Observations:                  50
Mean of Bootstrap Samples:                 4.389604
Standard Deviation of Bootstrap Samples:  0.4288846
Median of Bootstrap Samples:               4.335823
Minimum of Bootstrap Samples:              3.342993
Maximum of Bootstrap Samples:              6.389001

Percent Points of the Bootstrap Samples
-----------------------------------
Percent Point               Value
-----------------------------------
0.1    =   3.343002
0.5    =   3.511410
1.0    =   3.546756
2.5    =   3.687836
5.0    =   3.798257
10.0    =   3.910058
20.0    =   4.037920
50.0    =   4.335823
80.0    =   4.705708
90.0    =   4.947669
95.0    =   5.174219
97.5    =   5.409715
99.0    =   5.681841
99.5    =   5.823756
99.9    =   6.388623

Percentile Confidence Interval for Statistic

------------------------------------------
Confidence          Lower          Upper
Coefficient          Limit          Limit
------------------------------------------
50.00   4.087805       4.619201
75.00   3.934208       4.869211
90.00   3.798257       5.174219
95.00   3.687836       5.409715
99.00   3.511410       5.823756
99.90   3.342993       6.389001
------------------------------------------

Response Variable One: Y1
Response Variable Two: Y2
Group ID Variable One (X       ):          2.000000

Number of Bootstrap Samples:             1000
Number of Observations:                  50
Mean of Bootstrap Samples:                 7.537408
Standard Deviation of Bootstrap Samples:  0.5465833
Median of Bootstrap Samples:               7.499111
Minimum of Bootstrap Samples:              6.092766
Maximum of Bootstrap Samples:              9.751977

Percent Points of the Bootstrap Samples
-----------------------------------
Percent Point               Value
-----------------------------------
0.1    =   6.092945
0.5    =   6.287894
1.0    =   6.397113
2.5    =   6.541644
5.0    =   6.668351
10.0    =   6.842498
20.0    =   7.102805
50.0    =   7.499111
80.0    =   7.976231
90.0    =   8.257037
95.0    =   8.490531
97.5    =   8.726730
99.0    =   8.898412
99.5    =   9.116481
99.9    =   9.751736

Percentile Confidence Interval for Statistic

------------------------------------------
Confidence          Lower          Upper
Coefficient          Limit          Limit
------------------------------------------
50.00   7.171687       7.894311
75.00   6.920084       8.177537
90.00   6.668351       8.490531
95.00   6.541644       8.726730
99.00   6.287894       9.116481
99.90   6.092766       9.751977
------------------------------------------

Response Variable One: Y1
Response Variable Two: Y2
Group ID Variable One (X       ):          3.000000

Number of Bootstrap Samples:             1000
Number of Observations:                  50
Mean of Bootstrap Samples:                 7.338842
Standard Deviation of Bootstrap Samples:  0.6960418
Median of Bootstrap Samples:               7.310299
Minimum of Bootstrap Samples:              5.688356
Maximum of Bootstrap Samples:              11.27284

Percent Points of the Bootstrap Samples
-----------------------------------
Percent Point               Value
-----------------------------------
0.1    =   5.688367
0.5    =   5.747268
1.0    =   5.929775
2.5    =   6.122410
5.0    =   6.271287
10.0    =   6.488546
20.0    =   6.749534
50.0    =   7.310299
80.0    =   7.873042
90.0    =   8.208357
95.0    =   8.487544
97.5    =   8.823580
99.0    =   9.252583
99.5    =   9.609171
99.9    =   11.27161

Percentile Confidence Interval for Statistic

------------------------------------------
Confidence          Lower          Upper
Coefficient          Limit          Limit
------------------------------------------
50.00   6.862967       7.771134
75.00   6.543979       8.090032
90.00   6.271287       8.487544
95.00   6.122410       8.823580
99.00   5.747268       9.609171
99.90   5.688356       11.27284
------------------------------------------

Response Variable One: Y1
Response Variable Two: Y2
Group ID Variable One (All Data):

Number of Bootstrap Samples:             1000
Number of Observations:                  150
Mean of Bootstrap Samples:                 6.421951
Standard Deviation of Bootstrap Samples:   1.547468
Median of Bootstrap Samples:               7.007179
Minimum of Bootstrap Samples:              3.342993
Maximum of Bootstrap Samples:              11.27284

Percent Points of the Bootstrap Samples
-----------------------------------
Percent Point               Value
-----------------------------------
0.1    =   3.409331
0.5    =   3.625963
1.0    =   3.741478
2.5    =   3.852497
5.0    =   3.968823
10.0    =   4.131668
20.0    =   4.447991
50.0    =   7.007179
80.0    =   7.739732
90.0    =   8.062719
95.0    =   8.351421
97.5    =   8.614502
99.0    =   8.894499
99.5    =   9.203490
99.9    =   9.751902

Percentile Confidence Interval for Statistic

------------------------------------------
Confidence          Lower          Upper
Coefficient          Limit          Limit
------------------------------------------
50.00   4.617406       7.610766
75.00   4.210556       7.962787
90.00   3.968823       8.351421
95.00   3.852497       8.614502
99.00   3.625963       9.203490
99.90   3.347339       10.65474
------------------------------------------


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Date created: 07/26/2017
Last updated: 07/26/2017